The Covid-19 pandemic brought about an unprecedented wave of scientific output, public health messaging, and digital information regulation. Fact-checking systems, in partnership with social media platforms and supported by public health agencies, were tasked with identifying and suppressing mis- and disinformation. Yet the interactions between such false claims, the evolving science, and dissenting expert opinions proved to be fuzzy. We examine five case studies where early claims were labelled as misinformation but later received empirical or institutional support. Through a content analysis of fact-checks, policy documents, scientific studies, and media reporting, we explore how fact-checking operated under conditions of scientific uncertainty. The findings reveal a pattern in which some claims were prematurely suppressed, limiting public discussion and obscuring valid evidence. The analysis demonstrates the need for more flexible, transparent, and responsible approaches in steering online communication, especially when public trust and science-based decision-making are involved. In liberal democracies, stifling free expression and open discourse creates not just ethical dilemmas but also tangible risks for the health and wellbeing of citizens.
Georgiev et al. (2025) studied this question.