The tumor microenvironment (TME), composed of various immune and non-immune cells, as well as cancer stem cells, plays a critical role not only in promoting cancer cell proliferation and metastasis but also in modulating therapeutic response. A wide range of therapeutic strategies targeting the TME are currently employed in cancer treatment, including standard chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, anti-angiogenic therapies, agents targeting cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), oncolytic viruses (OVs), cold atmospheric plasma therapy, and nanovaccines. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the influence of the TME on cancer sensitivity to these therapies across all types of solid tumors.
Turlej et al. (2026) studied this question.