Purpose This study develops a structured theoretical model explaining how the AEC sector can progress from current building information modelling (BIM) practices to system-of-systems (SoS) digital twins through the evolution of BIM to Stage 3, enabled by big BIM data (BBD). Grounded in contemporary standards rather than legacy BIM concepts, the model conceptualises BBD and BIM Stage 3 as drivers of advanced interoperability, lifecycle integration and real-time decision intelligence, providing a foundation for future empirical validation. Design/methodology/approach The study triangulates evidence from a systematic literature review, a bibliometric analysis and semi-structured expert interviews. The review identifies conceptual gaps, while the bibliometric analysis maps research trends alongside the interviews, incorporating insights from academia, industry and software development. A deductive thematic analysis integrates these findings. Findings The results indicate fragmented organisational processes, technology-rich but poorly integrated IT infrastructures and limited strategic alignment with the capabilities required for data-driven value creation. Five bibliometric clusters combined with interview insights reinforce three Strategic Alignment Model domains while revealing persistent weaknesses in organisational strategy, workforce capability and regional digital maturity. Practical implications The study engenders a theoretical contribution by proposing an integrated framework that addresses how progress towards SoS digital twins within BIM Stage 3 depends on vertical alignment between strategy and operations, horizontal interoperability across the supply chain and end-to-end information continuity. On top of that, a maturity assessment matrix based on four SAM domains supports practical evaluation of readiness. Originality/value The study reframes BIM Stage 3 through a standards-aligned, theory-building perspective. It develops a three-dimensional integration framework and a practitioner-focused maturity matrix, offering a coherent conceptual foundation and a diagnostic tool to support future empirical research and sector-wide digital transformation.
Sompolgrunk et al. (2026) studied this question.