In this paper, hybrid and block-pulse functions are used to approximate the solution of a class of Fredholm integro-differential equations that was first studied by Hemeda. By employing suitable approximations, the equation has been converted into a system of algebraic equations that can be solved with classical methods. Finally, the method is explained with illustrative examples and results are compared to the results obtained by Hemeda’s method to show the usefulness and efficiency of the block-pulse and hybrid functions approach.
Hosry et al. (2025) studied this question.