Malaria and HIV remain two of the most serious public health threats in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where both infections occur at disproportionately high levels. Their co-occurrence within the same populations presents a complex clinical and epidemiological challenge that con-tributes substantially to morbidity and mortality across the region. This review examines current evidence on the epidemiology of malaria and HIV co-infection in SSA, with particular attention to key risk factors and the health outcomes associated with dual infection. It also evaluates chal-lenges in the clinical management of co-infected individuals, including diagnostic limitations, treatment interactions, and health system constraints. Evidence from recent studies indicates that closer coordination of malaria and HIV services may improve patient outcomes while increasing the efficiency of health delivery systems. Continued progress in diagnostic capacity, antimalarial therapies, and antiretroviral treatment, alongside improvements in health infrastructure, will be important for addressing this dual disease burden. International health initiatives and collabora-tive research programs may further strengthen integrated approaches and expand regional capac-ity for surveillance and treatment. Community engagement and targeted health education also play a critical role in encouraging timely care seeking and reducing stigma related to HIV infec-tion. This review identifies persistent gaps in surveillance systems, clinical management, and in-tegrated control strategies for malaria and HIV co-infection in SSA. Addressing these gaps will be important for informing future research priorities and supporting public health policies aimed at reducing the burden of both diseases in the region.
Ayoola et al. (2026) studied this question.