The Compute Continuum—spanning IoT, Edge, Cloud, and HPC resources—is reshaping how hyper-distributed applications are designed and orchestrated. Traditional service orchestrators and workload management systems rely on centralized runtimes; however, the emerging paradigm requires decentralized coordination, where autonomous agents cooperate to achieve common goals and dynamically distribute workloads. Consensus algorithms play a crucial role in multi-agent systems (MAS), as they enable agents to reach agreement on how to coordinate and execute functionalities in a cooperative manner. While consensus has previously been applied to distributed job selection, here we extend its use to swarm environments. In this setting, agents autonomously decide which service functionalities (i.e., roles) to execute based on their capabilities and the real-time quality of service (QoS). Functionalities can be elastically activated or terminated as application needs evolve. To support this model, we leverage the COLMENA framework, a programming environment for defining and managing such dynamic services. We apply a greedy consensus-based approach to modern power systems, which are increasingly decentralized due to the large-scale integration of renewable energy sources. Centralized power plants are giving way to distributed, intermittent resources that require decentralized control paradigms. To demonstrate this, we simulate the Northeastern Power Coordinating Council’s (NPCC) 140-bus grid using the ANDES simulator in conjunction with the COLMENA middleware. We deploy this use case across six different sites in the FABRIC testbed, using up to 60 different nodes. Our results show that, under contingency scenarios such as load and generator disconnections, agents self-organize, elect local leaders, and execute optimization algorithms to stabilize grid frequency. Detection and organization times remain below 10s across all experiments, even as the number of agents per area scales from 3 to 10. Stability is restored within approximately 27s and 40s for the respective cases. Resource overhead is minimal, with CPU and memory usage remaining below 7.5% and 2%, respectively. Experiment automation and reproducibility are ensured through Kiso. These findings indicate that role-based programming models complement traditional workflows and that consensus-driven coordination can effectively decentralize decision-making in swarm environments. This approach represents a step toward enabling resilient, decentralized power systems.
Casas-Moreno et al. (2026) studied this question.