Economic and Environmental Impacts of Smart Ports: A Systematic Literature Review

The maritime sector plays a central role in international trade, accounting for more than 90% of global goods transport, yet it faces increasing environmental challenges. In this context, the development of smart ports has emerged as a strategic solution to enhance operational efficiency and promote sustainability. However, the existing literature remains fragmented, lacking integrated analyses that simultaneously assess economic and environmental impacts across different contexts. This study aims to analyze the economic and environmental impacts of smart ports, identifying the main externalities and evaluation approaches. To this end, a systematic literature review was conducted based on the PRISMA methodology, using the Scopus and Web of Science databases. The selected studies were critically analyzed to identify trends, patterns, and research gaps. The results indicate that port digitalization generates significant economic benefits, including productivity gains, cost reductions, increased competitiveness, and positive effects on employment and economic growth. At the same time, it contributes to improved environmental performance through emissions reduction, greater energy efficiency, and enhanced resource management. However, relevant trade-offs are identified, such as high investment costs, technological risks, impacts on employment, and potential negative environmental effects when not supported by renewable energy sources. It is concluded that smart ports constitute a strategic tool for reconciling economic and environmental objectives, although their success depends on specific conditions, namely regulatory frameworks, investment capacity, and technological maturity. This study contributes to addressing gaps in the literature and provides guidance for policymakers and researchers in the sustainable development of smart ports.