Diabetes mellitus (DM) in female is a complex metabolic and endocrine illness induced by environmental and genetic variables that alters the functionality of insulin on peripheral tissues and pancreatic cells, which occurs because cells do not recognize and respond to insulin if it is not treated properly.The objective: to analyses lipid peroxidation markers, thyroid hormones, and vitamins E and D in females with type 2 diabetes mellitus to determine whether low vitamin E and D levels affect HbA1c.Materials and methods. The research was conducted in Specialized Center for Endocrinology and Diabetes (Al-Rusafa, Baghdad) for the period from 1.10.2021 to 20.12.2021. The study included 150 blood samples from healthy people (n = 50) and women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM; n = 100). The levels of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), cholesterol, HbA1c, and glucose were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results. The patients with T2DM had significantly higher levels of glucose (229.14 ± 10.62 mg/dL; p < 0.05) than persons in the control group (104.68 ± 21.09 mg/dL), and total cholesterol (235.17 ± 9.14 and 152.42 ± 8.48 mg/dL (p < 0.05), respectively). In patients with T2DM triglyceride levels (314.22 ± 29.73 mg/dL) were higher than controls, although high-density lipoprotein levels were lower. Low density lipoprotein levels were greater than the control group (133.62 ± 9.91 and 73.15 ± 6.72 mg/dL, respectively). The patients with T2DM had lower T3 and T4 concentrations (1.08 ± 0.11 and 58.02 ± 7.42 nmol/L, respectively), while their TSH concentration (4.94 ± 0.51 mIU/L) was greater (p < 0.05) than controls.Conclusions. Women with T2DM showed increased total cholesterol, triglycerides, low and very low-density lipoproteins. However, T2DM patients had far lower high-density lipoproteins, T3, and T4 levels than controls. A significant difference in the concentration of thyroid-stimulating hormone was found between female with T2DM patients and the control group (p < 0.05).
Shahadha et al. (2025) studied this question.