Quantum mechanics describes change as reversible and deterministic over unitary time, but we observe random change over nonunitary time. Thermocontextual mechanics (TCM) accommodates nonunitary time as fundamental by introducing two innovations. First, it defines states thermocontextually with respect to a measurement framework in equilibrium with the system’s actual surroundings, which always has a positive minimum temperature. This establishes ambient temperature, ambient heat, and exergy as objectively defined properties of state. Second, TCM’s “No hidden variables” law empirically defines states as measurable and definite. TCM’s second law is based on measurable changes in state before and after transitions between discrete measurable states. It codifies observations that a state only transitions in the direction of declining work potential on a fixed reference. It accommodates thermodynamics’ Second Law and statistical mechanics’ MaxEnt as distinct transition types. TCM’s third law codifies observations showing that networked transitions minimize irreversible losses. In the limit of reversibility, quantum processes are deterministic and unitary. By recognizing both unitary and nonunitary time, TCM explains previously unexplained observations strictly in terms of testable and empirically justified assumptions. These include the arrow of time, the measurement problem, nonlocality, and the spontaneous emergence of functional complexity.
Harrison Crecraft (2025) studied this question.