ABSTRACT This study details the design and execution of a high‐efficiency bidirectional isolated integrated DC‐DC converter developed to enable charging and discharging of light electric vehicle (LEV) batteries, utilizing a single‐phase grid and solar PV. The proposed system enables bidirectional energy flow via grid‐to‐vehicle (G2V) and vehicle‐to‐grid (V2G) operations. To maintain stability during grid voltage disturbances such as sags, swells, and outages, the system uses an advanced mixed second‐order–third‐order generalized integrator (IMSTOGI) control algorithm to ensure that the active front‐end converter (AFC) operates reliably even under significant grid instability. Under nominal grid conditions, the AFC confirms unity power factor (UPF) and regulated DC‐link voltage performance at a defined level. In the event of a grid outage, an integrated solar photovoltaic (PV) system takes over, leveraging a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) buck converter to charge the LEV battery, adapting to varying environmental conditions. The functionality and power management strategy of the proposed system are validated through simulation and real‐time experiments, showcasing its smooth charging–discharging operations, reliability, lower stress on passive components, higher efficiency, and potential for integration with smart grids and renewable energy sources. Both simulation results and real‐time data from an OPAL‐RT prototype support the system's economic and operational advantages and verify the efficient charging–discharging performance of the proposed system with the isolated integrated converter.
Singh et al. (2026) studied this question.