Exploring the landscape of trustworthy artificial intelligence: Status and challenges

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has pervaded everyday life, reshaping the landscape of business, economy, and society through the alteration of interactions and connections among stakeholders and citizens. Nevertheless, the widespread adoption of AI presents significant risks and hurdles, sparking apprehension regarding the trustworthiness of AI systems by humans. Lately, numerous governmental entities have introduced regulations and principles aimed at fostering trustworthy AI systems, while companies, research institutions, and public sector organizations have released their own sets of principles and guidelines for ensuring ethical and trustworthy AI. Additionally, they have developed methods and software toolkits to aid in evaluating and improving the attributes of trustworthiness. The present paper aims to explore this evolution by analysing and supporting the trustworthiness of AI systems. We commence with an examination of the characteristics inherent in trustworthy AI, along with the corresponding principles and standards associated with them. We then examine the methods and tools that are available to designers and developers in their quest to operationalize trusted AI systems. Finally, we outline research challenges towards end-to-end engineering of trustworthy AI by-design.