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During World War I (WWI), also referred to as 'The Great War,' Germany implemented a pioneering biowarfare program as part of a broader military strategy to undermine Allied forces by targeting their logistical and supply capabilities. This initiative, unprecedented in its systematic and strategic application, utilized a variety of pathogens, primarily targeting animal populations, to disrupt support systems without contravening international laws, specifically the 1907 Hague Convention. The operations, shrouded in secrecy and largely led by the German General Staff, included sophisticated sabotage actions against both enemy and neutral states. The allegations and usage of bioweapons increased the interest of the Great Powers in further developing their own biowarfare program.
Nikolakakis et al. (2024) studied this question.