We propose a universal, substrate-independent criterion for life based on entropy resistance: a system is alive when it sustains R(t) = -dS/dt > 0 on operationally defined degrees of freedom. Derived rigorously from non-equilibrium thermodynamics, connected to fluctuation theorems, and providing falsifiable detection protocols for astrobiology. This work is released under CC BY 4.0 to ensure permanent open access. No individual or organization may restrict or patent these fundamental principles.
Ece Onur (2025) studied this question.