Evolution of Learning Systems: From Learning Management Systems to Adaptive Learning Systems Based on Artificial Intelligence

AbstractDigital transformation in education has driven a paradigm shift from the use of Learning Management Systems (LMS)to the development of Adaptive Learning Systems (ALS) based on artificial intelligence (AI). This article aims toexamine the evolution of this learning system through a literature study approach to 16 national and internationalscientific articles in the 2015–2025 period. The results of the study indicate that the integration of AI in the learningsystem strengthens personalization, student engagement, and the effectiveness of learning outcomes. LMS, whichpreviously functioned as a managerial and content distribution platform, has now evolved into an ALS that is adaptiveand responsive to the characteristics of individual learners. However, this transition process is not without challenges,including the need for representative training data, readiness of technological infrastructure, and issues of data ethicsand privacy. This study recommends an integrative and inclusive strategy in the implementation of AI-based ALS, inorder to realize a dynamic, personal, and sustainable digital learning ecosystem.Keywords: Learning Management System, Adaptive Learning System, Artificial Intelligence, educationaltechnology, personalization of learning.