This work proposes a background‑independent framework in which spacetime emerges from discrete, action‑carrying constituents termed “plates.” Each plate contributes a quantized unit of action and collectively gives rise to spacetime geometry. Coarse‑graining over ensembles of plates yields an effective Einstein‑Hilbert action, while cosmological expansion arises statistically from action suppression. The paper explores implications for quantum gravity, dark energy, and observational consistency.
Ishan Joshi (2026) studied this question.