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January 20, 2026BMC Cancer2 citationsOpen Access

Associations of nutritional risk, pre-treatment malnutrition, and cachexia with mortality, local recurrence, and metastasis in head and neck cancer: a five-year prospective cohort study

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ELEmanuelle do Nascimento Santos LimaIFIsabela Borges FerreiraYMYara Cristina de Paiva Maia

Key Points

  • To investigate the impact of pre-treatment nutritional risk, malnutrition, and cachexia on mortality and cancer outcomes in head and neck cancer patients.
  • Conducted a five-year prospective cohort study
  • Assessed nutritional risk and malnutrition using GLIM and PG-SGA
  • Measured outcomes including mortality, local recurrence, and metastasis
  • Nutritional risk was significantly associated with all three outcomes: mortality, local recurrence, and metastasis
  • The PG-SGA score over 16 was crucial for predicting these outcomes
  • Suggests combining PG-SGA and cachexia assessments for better predictions

Abstract

Pre-treatment nutritional risk, malnutrition (by GLIM and PG-SGA), and cachexia were associated with mortality, which was also associated with metastasis. Notably, nutritional risk (PG-SGA score > 16) was the only parameter associated with all three outcomes. From a clinical perspective, we suggest that combining PG-SGA and cachexia assessment may enhance prediction of mortality and metastasis in HNC patients, respectively.

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Cite This Study

Lima et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/696f1a239e64f732b51ee634https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-025-15373-5
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