The formation of blood–brain barrier and vascular integrity depends on the coordinated development of different cell types in the brain. Previous studies have shown that zebrafish bubblehead ( bbh ) mutant, which has mutation in the betaPix locus, develops spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage during early development. However, it remains unclear in which brain cells betaPix may function. Here, we established a highly efficient conditional knockout method in zebrafish by using homology-directed repair-mediated knockin and knockout technology and generated betaPix conditional trap ( betaPix ct ) allele in zebrafish. We found that betaPix in glia, but neither neurons, endothelial cells, nor pericytes was critical for glial and vascular development and integrity, thus contributing to the formation of blood–brain barrier. Single-cell transcriptome profiling revealed that microtubule aggregation signaling stathmins and pro-angiogenic transcription factors Zfhx3/4 were downregulated in glial and neuronal progenitors, and further genetic analysis suggested that betaPix may act upstream on the PAK1-Stathmin and Zfhx3/4-Vegfaa signaling to regulate glia migration and angiogenesis. Therefore, this work reveals that glial betaPix plays an important role in brain vascular development in zebrafish embryos and possibly human cells.
Chiu et al. (2026) studied this question.