Translational Biosensors for Biomarker Detection: From Analytical Innovation to Clinical Integration and Future Technology Development

Objective This review aims to describe the shift from traditional antioxidant supplements to modern, targeted therapies. It focuses on overcoming key problems like poor bioavailability and lack of specific cellular delivery that have limited older treatments. Material and Methods The analysis examines advanced delivery systems, including nanotechnology carriers such as liposomes and solid lipid nanoparticles. It also evaluates mitochondria-targeting agents like Mitoquinone and synthetic peptides, as well as enhanced formulations of plant-based compounds like curcumin and resveratrol. Results The findings show that nanotechnology carriers greatly improve the stability and absorption of antioxidants. Targeted agents successfully deliver antioxidants directly to mitochondria, the primary source of harmful molecules, showing benefits in heart, brain, and metabolic diseases. Advanced formulations of natural compounds make them more effective, often by boosting the body’s own defense systems. Conclusion The combination of nanotechnology, precise mitochondrial targeting, and enhanced natural compounds defines a new era of precision antioxidant medicine. Future success depends on confirming these benefits in human trials and designing personalized treatment strategies for complex age-related and chronic diseases.