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February 2, 2026Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Geotechnical Engineering

Impact-induced transient strain in dense sand: fibre optic sensing and numerical modelling

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Authors

HZHao ZhuHZHaonan ZhuBZBao Zhu

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Overview

Experimental–numerical framework characterizes transient strain in dense sand during impacts, suggesting safety insights for geotechnical structures.

Key Points

  • The aim is to evaluate how dense sand responds to transient impact loads using a novel framework.
  • Developed a combined experimental and numerical framework for characterizing strain responses.
  • Conducted laboratory tests by dropping steel spheres from various heights onto an instrumented sand foundation.
  • Utilized fibre Bragg grating sensors to measure transient strain.
  • Employed the material point method to simulate impacts and optimize test design.
  • Strain-time history revealed four distinct phases: non-linear ascending, linear increasing, non-linear descending, and residual stabilization.
  • Peak strain occurred around 100 ms, indicating critical inertial timescale.
  • Peak strain increased linearly with dropping height and decayed exponentially with depth for the same impact energy.
  • Effective influence depth was determined to be 4–5 times the sphere diameter.

Cite This Study

Zhu et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6980ff08c1c9540dea811a01https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeen.25.00200
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