From Crime Scene to Courtroom: An Integrated Forensic–Criminological Analysis of Biological Evidence, DNA Technologies, and Criminal Justice Administration in India

Title of the Research Article From Crime Scene to Courtroom: An Integrated Forensic–Criminological Analysis of Biological Evidence, DNA Technologies, and Criminal Justice Administration in India Author and Affiliation Author: Ganesh Shrirang Satarkar (Nale)Affiliation: Department of Sociology, Central University of Haryana, India Description (Title + Author + Affiliation + Abstract of the Entire Article) From Crime Scene to Courtroom: An Integrated Forensic–Criminological Analysis of Biological Evidence, DNA Technologies, and Criminal Justice Administration in India is a research article authored by Ganesh Shrirang Satarkar (Nale), Department of Sociology, Central University of Haryana, India. The article offers a comprehensive interdisciplinary examination of forensic biology within the broader theoretical framework of criminology and the institutional functioning of the criminal justice system in India. It critically analyzes the role of biological evidence—particularly blood, semen, and DNA—in crime investigation, reconstruction, and adjudication. The study systematically explores the detection and identification of bloodstains, determination of species of origin, blood group systems, and techniques for blood grouping from stains. It further examines the forensic relevance of seminal and other body fluids, red cell enzymes, and serum proteins. Special emphasis is placed on forensic genetics, including disputed paternity and maternity testing, DNA structure as a genetic marker, DNA extraction and profiling techniques, DNA phenotyping, and RNA profiling. Beyond forensic science, the article situates scientific evidence within criminological discourse by discussing the definition and scope of criminology, its relationship with other social sciences, and its distinction from criminal justice. The structure of the criminal justice system in India, the role of the legislature, institutional coordination, and the participation of victims and witnesses are analyzed in detail. The paper also addresses crime prevention strategies and wildlife forensics under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. The study concludes that effective justice delivery requires an integrated, ethical, and scientifically informed approach combining forensic science, criminological insight, and institutional coordination. Keywords (Paragraph Format) Forensic Biology, Bloodstain Analysis, DNA Profiling, Criminology, Criminal Justice System, Species Identification, Semen Detection, Paternity Testing, RNA Profiling, DNA Phenotyping, Crime Prevention, CPTED, Wildlife Forensics, Victim Participation, Indian Criminal Law.