The composition and characteristics of milk change over the course of lactation. Metabolomics assesses milk quality, cow health, feeding systems, and potential adulteration. This review aimed to map the metabolic profile of fresh cow’s milk. The data were collected from Scopus (2005- 2025) using keywords: milk metabolomic, lactation stage, cow feed, location, cattle, bovine, cow’s milk, and goat’s milk. A total of 947 documents were obtained using R-Studio (Biblioshiny) and VOSviewer. Documents dominated by the articles (87.01%), followed by reviews (9.4%), book chapters, conference papers, and books. The highest number of publications (191) occurred in 2024. The top five Journals were Journal of Dairy Science, Animals, Food Chemistry, Food Research International, and Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. The most productive countries were China, The USA, Italy, and Spain. Highly cited global and local documents were authored by Shabat et al. (2016) and Scano et al. (2014), respectively. Most of the analysis used NMR, GC-MS, and LC-MS. Milk metabolites are influenced by the cow’s metabolism pathway in each lactation stage, feeds, and genetics. Choline, glycerophosphocoline, and glutamic acid were found as biomarkers for milk coagulation. Further research is needed to explore the milk nutrition, processing, quality, and safety of the milk products.
Puspantari et al. (Fri,) studied this question.