A Comprehensive Review of the Ethiopian Food Quality Management System: Challenges, Innovations, and Pathways for Transformation

This comprehensive review provides an extensive analysis of Ethiopias food quality management system, examining its historical evolution, current challenges, and future directions. The analysis reveals a system at a critical juncture, characterized by progressive policy frameworks alongside significant implementation gaps. Approximately 80-90% of food transactions occur through informal channels where regulatory oversight is minimal, hygiene practices are often inadequate, and infrastructure is lacking. Foodborne illnesses impose a substantial burden, with estimated economic costs reaching USD 723 million annually from select pathogens alone. Despite these challenges, Ethiopia has developed ambitious policy instruments, including the National Food Safety Management Plan (2025-2029) and established the Ethiopian Food and Drug Authority as a lead regulatory agency. This review synthesizes evidence from over 120 sources across multiple sectors to analyze the complex interplay between governance structures, market dynamics, technological innovations, and socio-cultural factors that shape food safety outcomes. I identify critical leverage points for systemic improvement, including differentiated regulatory approaches for formal and informal sectors, strategic infrastructure investments, behavior-centered interventions, and strengthened multi-sectoral coordination through a One Health approach. The paper concludes with a detailed implementation framework for transforming Ethiopias food safety system, emphasizing context-specific solutions, evidence-based interventions, and the need for sustained political commitment and investment to protect public health and support economic development.