This article provides an overview of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technology based on nonstandard Cartesian coordinate configurations, which has emerged as a promising tool in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. It explores the fundamentals of bioprinting techniques and highlights the different types of available bioprinters based on traditional and novel coordinate configurations to perform a comparative analysis. The mechanical arrangement of bioprinters is considered, with special emphasis on the motion capabilities and the class of consequent feasible structures that can be developed. The diversified types of bioprinting techniques are reviewed with the intent of demonstrating that all of them are suitable for implementation with different coordinate configurations. In particular, this review centers its attention on the advantages of using a robotic manipulator with multiple degrees of freedom for bioprinting tasks, as these devices can generate highly accurate and precise complex 3D structures. This study emphasizes and analyzes the necessity of introducing imaging technologies to control the shape of the formed structures. Besides, integrating computer-aided tools to optimize the results of nonconventional coordinate configurations reveals significant advantages in bioprinting results. In addition, the article examines some of the key challenges and limitations associated with bioprinting technology and the potential future directions for the field. Overall, this article intends to become a helpful resource for anyone seeking to understand the basics of 3D bioprinting technology and its applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
Ayala-Roldán et al. (Thu,) studied this question.