Graves' disease (GD) is a prevalent autoimmune disorder primarily affecting the thyroid gland, but it also impacts other organs, notably the eyes. Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO), an autoimmune condition associated with GD, affects the tissues behind the eyes, leading to inflammation and tissue remodeling. Risk factors for GO include radioactive iodine therapy, untreated hyperthyroidism, smoking and high serum TSH-receptor antibody levels. Management strategies involve various approaches, including pharmacological treatments such as glucocorticoids. High-dose systemic glucocorticoids are particularly effective in treating moderate to severe and active GO. This review was undertaken to consolidate current evidence on steroid therapy for GO, exploring the nuances of different administration routes, dosages and the potential need for second-line treatments. By providing a comprehensive analysis of the existing literature, this review aims to enhance clinicians' understanding of steroid therapy in GO, highlight gaps in current knowledge, and propose areas for future research.
Condeng et al. (2025) studied this question.