Abstract Background There are known sex disparities in temperature perception with lower thermal detection thresholds found in people assigned female at birth compared to people assigned male at birth. However, underlying mechanisms of these differences and the influences of sex hormones are not yet sufficiently understood. Methods To assess the effects of sex hormones on temperature perception, we measured in a prospective observational cohort study temperature detection and pain thresholds with quantitative sensory testing and subjective temperature sensation in transgender patients undergoing gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT). We included 12 trans women (male-to-female transgender) and 17 trans men (female-to-male transgender) before and 3 and 6 months after start of GAHT. As a control group, we measured 13 cis women and 10 cis men without hormone treatment at the same timepoints. Results Here we show that temperature detection thresholds in persons assigned female at birth at baseline are lower than in persons assigned male at birth. Accordingly, in trans women, temperature detection thresholds decrease with GAHT. Pain detection thresholds do not differ between sexes assigned at birth and do not change with time. Conclusions We demonstrate that in trans women undergoing GAHT with estradiol and cyproterone acetate sensitivity to temperature changes increases, consistent with the greater temperature sensitivity observed in cis women compared to cis men. Future studies need to assess at which neurobiological processing stages the relevant changes occur and what molecular mechanisms play a role. Trial registration NCT04838249.
Zimmermann et al. (2026) studied this question.