Increasing urbanization in metropolitan areas has led to the emergence of many densely populated areas and illegal buildings 1. To control this growth, local governments have made various efforts to control the intensity of development or land use. This study evaluates spatial utilization intensity in Pasar Jambi District to address the challenges of rapid urbanization and the proliferation of non-compliant structures. By integrating 3D photogrammetric modeling and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), the research assesses the compliance of Building Coverage Ratio (BCR), Floor Area Ratio (FAR), Green Coverage Ratio (GCR), and Building Setback Lines with Jambi City Regulation No. 3/2015 and Draft Regulation No. 5/2024. The findings indicate that spatial utilization in the study area remains suboptimal, characterized by excessive BCR, deficient GCR, and frequent setback violations, which effectively "lock" land resources and hinder functional adaptation. Conversely, FAR values generally remain below the maximum allowable thresholds, suggesting significant potential for controlled vertical intensification. Shifting urban growth from a horizontal to a vertical trajectory is recommended to alleviate pressure on land availability and ensure the implementation of sustainable spatial planning.
Warman et al. (2026) studied this question.