Abstract This study investigates the effects of an inclined conducting obstacle on magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) natural and forced convection within a heated wavy cavity. A uniform magnetic field is applied in the horizontal direction, and the flow is assumed to be steady, laminar, and incompressible. The rectangular cavity has thermally insulated upper and lower walls to minimize heat losses. The left vertical wall is mechanically driven at a constant velocity and maintained at a uniform temperature Ti(20˚C), while the right vertical wall is heated and held at a higher temperature Th=1000C. A porous square conducting obstacle of length 10 cm is centrally placed within the cavity and inclined at an angle (where 30˚≤ ω≥60˚) relative to the horizontal axis. The cavity is filled with an electrically conducting fluid (seawater), with the Prandtl number varying between 2.08 and 7.83 depending on the fluid temperature. The governing two-dimensional partial differential equations are solved numerically using a finite difference method based on the central difference scheme, subject to appropriate boundary conditions. The numerical results are presented graphically, and a parametric analysis is performed to examine the influence of the inclination angle and key flow parameters on the velocity and temperature distributions. The outcomes of this study provide useful insights for the design and optimization of MHD propulsion systems.
Augustine Ayanga Mayaka (2026) studied this question.