Review on Phytochemical Determination and Antivenom Activity of Andrographis Paniculata

Snakebite envenomation remains a major global health challenge, particularly in tropical regions, where limited accessibility, high cost, and adverse reactions associated with conventional antivenom therapy underscore the need for safer and more effective complementary treatments. Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees, a medicinal plant widely used in traditional medicine systems, is rich in bioactive phytochemicals—especially diterpenoid lactones such as andrographolide, neo andrographolide, and 14- deoxyandrographolide—that exhibit diverse therapeutic properties. This study focuses on the phytochemical determination and antivenom potential of A. paniculata, exploring its role as an alternative or adjunct therapy for snakebite management. Phytochemical profiling reveals significant concentrations of diterpenoids and flavonoids, compounds known for strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and enzyme-inhibitory activities. Evidence from existing in- vitro and in-vivo research demonstrates that extracts of A. paniculata can inhibit key venom enzymes—including phospholipase A₂, hyaluronidase, acetylcholinesterase, and proteases— thereby mitigating venom-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, edema, haemorrhage, and tissue necrosis. Additionally, the plant shows potential to enhance the efficacy of commercial antivenom by reducing toxin spread and improving systemic protection. Overall, A. paniculata emerges as a compelling natural candidate for developing plant-based antivenom strategies and improving outcomes in venom-related pathologies.