Musculoskeletal disorders in musicians: an overview of systematic reviews

Abstract Background Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are common among musicians, impacting performance and career longevity. Aims To synthesize evidence on the prevalence, risk factors and preventive strategies for MSDs in musicians. Methods A systematic search was conducted in Cochrane Library, Embase, Epistemonikos, Web of Science and PubMed/MEDLINE on 9 August 2024. Two independent reviewers screened studies, assessed eligibility and extracted data, with a third reviewer resolving disagreements. The AMSTAR 2 tool evaluated methodological quality. A narrative synthesis was conducted, and overlap among primary studies was assessed using a citation matrix and the corrected covered area. Results Eighteen systematic reviews met the inclusion criteria. The prevalence of MSDs ranged from 39% to 93%, with higher rates among women, string and keyboard players, and musicians with intense practice schedules. The neck, shoulders and hands were commonly affected areas. Risk factors included repetitive movements, poor ergonomics, psychological stress and lack of preventive strategies. Exercise programmes, postural education and massage therapy showed potential benefits, but the evidence remains inconclusive because of methodological limitations. Conclusions Musculoskeletal disorders are common among musicians, with multiple risk factors contributing to their development. Although exercise, postural education and massage therapy show potential benefits, inconsistent evidence limits robust conclusions. Standardized research is needed to establish effective prevention and treatment strategies.