Application of Biosensors for Pesticide Analysis: Classification, Toxicity, Environmental Impact, Detection Techniques, and Mode of Action

Abstract: The application of biosensors in pesticide analysis has emerged as a powerful, rapid, and eco-friendly alternative to conventional analytical techniques. This work highlights the benefits of biosensors over conventional detection methods by considering their creative application in the pesticide residue detection process. It also encompasses the classification of pesticides such as insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and rodenticides—based on their target organisms and chemical nature. Biosensors offer sensitive and specific detection of pesticides, enabling real-time monitoring of their presence in agricultural and environmental samples. They provide valuable insights into the toxicity profiles of pesticides, contributing to risk assessment and safety regulations. Furthermore, biosensor technologies aid in evaluating the environmental impact of pesticide residues on soil, water, and nontarget organisms, promoting sustainable agricultural practices. The detection techniques integrated into biosensors— electrochemical, optical, piezoelectric, and enzyme-based—allow for selective identification of specific pesticide molecules with minimal sample preparation. Additionally, biosensors help elucidate the mode of action of pesticides, revealing how they interact with biological systems at the molecular level. In agricultural applications, biosensors support precision farming, pesticide regulation, and residue monitoring, enhancing crop productivity while minimizing environmental and health risks. The integration of biosensor technology into pesticide analysis ensures a more sustainable and scientifically informed approach to pesticide management in modern agriculture. The inclusion of biosensors in agricultural practices also enhances precision farming by allowing quick assessments of pesticide application, reducing environmental pollution, and eliminating overuse.