Impact of Major Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) on Soil and Associated Health Issues

Abstract: Land directly affects people's health and well-being. Soil is essential for social and economic growth. It is impossible to overstate the urgency of conserving soil, as it is crucial for fostering the development of an ecological civilization and maintaining household stability. A new significant threat to soil health and fertility has emerged in the form of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). Unlike other pollutants, these CECs (e.g., pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, PFAS, and microplastics) are resistant to microbial degradation; therefore, they persist in soil and can enter the food chain or pollute groundwater supplies. Several researchers worldwide have shown that CECs destroy soil microflora, impair ecological balance, and reduce soil fertility and agricultural productivity. Recent experimental studies have confirmed their presence in cell culture and experimental animal models at concentrations ranging from nanomolar (nM) to millimolar (mM) levels. The unrestricted use of these CECs has resulted in their bioaccumulation at higher levels in the food chain, ultimately reaching human beings. Despite their hazardous nature, no definite environmental laws or FDA regulations exist, adding fuel to the fire. Therefore, we aim to highlight the environmental implications of these CECs and the steps needed to prevent them from transforming into an environmental catastrophe. This review focuses on five key CECs, including nanoparticles, cosmetic additives (phthalates and biphenyls), flame retardants, and microplastics, along with their environmental implications.