Abstract The German Heating and Housing Panel (GHHP) provides a new data basis to assess the effectiveness, distributional effects, and public acceptance of climate policy in Germany’s building sector. Funded within the Kopernikus project Ariadne, the annual surveys from 2021 to 2023 include about 15,000 households, thereof 65 % owners and 35 % renters. The GHHP gathers detailed information on the building stock, heating systems and costs, energy retrofit measures, and socio-economic characteristics. Recent waves additionally investigate households’ experiences during the energy crisis, their expectations regarding future energy prices, intended energy-saving actions, and reflections on heating behavior.
Foppe et al. (2026) studied this question.