Prevalence of Third Molar Impaction Using Panoramic Radiographic Analysis in Hail, Saudi Arabia: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Observational Study

Aim and Background: The inability of a tooth to erupt into its natural position is known as tooth impaction, and it is most common in mandibular third molars. Surgical extraction of these teeth is one of the most common dental treatments, and it is usually performed to prevent infection. This study aims to assess the prevalence and anatomical characteristics of third molar impaction using standard radiographic classifications among adults in Hail, Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: A retrospective observational cross-sectional design with a sample consisting of 380 participants was conducted, which included non-distorted panoramic images of participants over the age of 18 years. Non-distorted panoramic images are those that preserve precise angles and dimensions without the warping caused by wide-angle lenses. Those who met the inclusion criteria were chosen for panoramic image analysis. The data were analyzed using SPSS (Version 29.0). Descriptive statistics included mean, standard deviation, absolute frequencies, percentages, and a P value of <0.05, which indicated statistical significance. Results: This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in Hail, Saudi Arabia. The sample had 380 participants, almost evenly distributed by gender, with 182 males (47.9%) and 198 females (52.1%). Concerning third molar impaction, 128 participants (33.7%) had impacted third molars, while the majority – 252 participants (66.3%) – did not exhibit any impaction. Out of the total cases analyzed, 61 individuals presented with impactions in the mandible, while only 27 cases were observed in the maxilla. Additionally, 42 individuals experienced impactions in both jaws. Analysis of the gender-based distribution showed that 63 males (34.6%) and 65 females (32.8%) had impacted molars, with no significant statistical difference in the rates of impaction between the two genders. Conclusion: Approximately one-third of participants had impacted third molars, with the highest prevalence in the 18–30 age group, highlighting the need for early detection. The study found no significant gender differences in impaction rates (P = 0.171), but mandibular impactions were more common than maxillary ones.