Objective To examine the effects of music therapy, inhalation aromatherapy, and their combination on pain intensity, anxiety, and fear in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Methods This randomized controlled trial included 128 patients assigned to four groups: control, music therapy, aromatherapy, and combined music + aromatherapy. Interventions were applied 5–10 min before the procedure and continued during angiography. Visual analog scales for assessing pain (VAS‐P), anxiety (VAS‐A), and fear (VAS‐F), and the State Anxiety Inventory (SAI) were assessed pre‐ and postprocedure. Data were analyzed using mixed‐design ANOVA to examine time, group, and time × group effects, and effect sizes ( η 2 ) were calculated. Results Significant time × group interactions were found for pain ( η 2 = 0.205), fear ( η 2 = 0.527), anxiety ( η 2 = 0.550), and state anxiety ( η 2 = 0.546) (all p 0.05), although the combined intervention yielded the largest improvements. Conclusion Music therapy and inhalation aromatherapy reduce pain, anxiety, and fear in patients undergoing coronary angiography effectively and can be recommended as nonpharmacological nursing interventions. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov.: NCT05622383
Gür et al. (2026) studied this question.