In Italy, school buildings serve not only as educational facilities but also as essential community shelters during seismic emergencies. However, a large portion of these structures were built prior to the implementation of modern seismic design codes, leaving them particularly susceptible to earthquake damage. This review synthesizes current insights into the seismic vulnerability of Italian schools, covering both historical masonry constructions and reinforced concrete buildings originally designed for gravity loads. The paper reviews typical damage mechanisms observed in both structural and non-structural components and emphasizes the pressing need for systematic retrofitting. A wide range of intervention strategies is discussed, from conventional techniques like steel bracing and fiber-reinforced polymers to advanced systems including base isolation and supplemental damping. Selected case studies illustrate practical applications, outcomes, and best practices. Beyond technical solutions, the review incorporates multi-criteria decision-making frameworks that consider economic, social, and environmental dimensions, offering guidance on how to prioritize interventions across large building inventories. The role of non-technical measures is also examined, such as risk education programs in schools and the implementation of early warning systems aimed at improving occupant safety and preserving educational continuity. By integrating findings from literature and real-world projects, the study identifies key areas where further research is needed—particularly in developing performance-based approaches and enhancing large-scale data management tailored to the school context. Ultimately, the review offers actionable recommendations for improving the seismic resilience of Italian schools, with broader relevance for other earthquake-prone regions.
Demartino et al. (2026) studied this question.