This review aims to present an overview of the current state of hydrogen fuel cell technology. Hydrogen fuel cells (HFCs) are emerging as one of the most promising technologies to support the global transition toward cleaner and more sustainable energy systems. By converting hydrogen directly into electricity through an electrochemical process, fuel cells offer several advantages over conventional combustion-based technologies, including higher energy efficiency, near-zero emissions at the point of use, and flexibility across a wide range of applications. In particular, HFCs are gaining momentum in the transportation sector, where they enable long driving ranges and rapid refueling for passenger cars, buses, and heavy-duty vehicles. They are also being deployed in stationary power generation, backup energy systems, and increasingly explored in industrial processes as part of decarbonization strategies. Despite these benefits, the widespread adoption of hydrogen fuel cells is constrained by challenges such as the high cost of materials, limited infrastructure for hydrogen production and distribution, and the current reliance on fossil-fuel–derived hydrogen. Ongoing research is focused on developing cost-effective catalysts, efficient hydrogen storage methods, and scaling up the production of green hydrogen from renewable sources. Governments, industries, and international collaborations are also investing heavily in policies and infrastructure that support the growth of the hydrogen economy. Also this review aims to present hydrogen fuel cell technology, examine its advantages and limitations, and explore its potential role in shaping future energy systems. By addressing technical, economic, and policy barriers, hydrogen fuel cells can evolve from a niche solution into a mainstream contributor to global sustainability goals.
Thorat et al. (2026) studied this question.