Green Intellectual Capital Management as a Source of Business Process Outsourcing Advantage: A Bibliometric Analysis

This literature review examines the development of research on green intellectual capital and its link to competitive advantage, using data from the Web of Science covering the years 2007 to 2025. The findings show that the field emerged slowly but has grown rapidly since 2019, reaching a peak in 2023. Research is concentrated in a small group of journals, including the Journal of Intellectual Capital, the International Journal of Learning and Intellectual Capital, and Sustainability, but is also increasingly present in wider management and environmental outlets. Most authors have contributed only one publication, reflecting the early and fragmented stage of the domain. Highly cited works, such as Chen (2008), established the foundation of the field, while keywords such as performance, innovation, and competitive advantage dominate the thematic structure. Overall, green intellectual capital is becoming a recognized area of study, though its application to outsourcing and the business process outsourcing sector is not yet properly explored.