Invited review: Perspectives on nitrogen in dairy cattle nutrition. By Hristov et al., page 2074. This work offers a comprehensive review of the relationships between dietary nitrogen and animal production and environmental emission variables in lactating dairy cows managed in both confined and grazing production systems. Complex interactions of dietary nitrogen fractions and energy influence ruminal fermentation, amino acid supply to the host animal, productivity, and environmental emissions from dairy operations.
A 2026 study studied this question.