Research on the optimal selection method for railway line routes in complex and challenging mountainous areas taking into account ecological protection

This study addresses the coordinated optimization of ecological conservation and engineering efficiency in railway route planning through challenging mountainous terrain, proposing a selection methodology that prioritizes environmental protection. A comprehensive evaluation system with 20 indicators was developed across technique, economy, environment, and social dimensions. Key considerations include impacts on ecologically sensitive zones, engineering risks, and low-carbon development objectives. The weighting system integrates expert knowledge (G2 method) and data patterns (CRITIC method), optimized through relative entropy to balance subjective and objective information, enhancing weighting reliability. A decision-making model was established using trapezoidal fuzzy numbers for qualitative indicators and multi-attribute utility theory. Projection values and comprehensive relative closeness calculations enable quantitative scheme evaluation. Applied to a high-speed railway crossing protected areas, the model validated Scheme II (full-tunnel passage through sensitive zones) as optimal (0.5202 relative closeness), demonstrating cost efficiency, minimal environmental impact, and enhanced safety – consistent with practical engineering outcomes. The methodology provides a scientifically grounded decision-making framework balancing ecological preservation and engineering viability, supporting green transportation transformation under carbon neutrality goals. Combination weighting.