• Appropriate particle size (70–90 nm) with stable physicochemical properties, reproducible preparation, and strong clinical translation potential. • Precise visible marking with minimal diffusion and enhanced dual-modal T1/T2 MR imaging. • Visible retention ≥ 30 days and MR imaging ≥ 7 days, meeting perioperative requirements. • The method involves intraperitoneal injection rather than intravenous administration, clarifying the metabolic pathway and enhancing biosafety. Accurately determining the optimal surgical margin is essential for ensuring surgical accuracy and long-term prognosis. Existing localization approaches, including staining and localization, have limitations such as extensive halo effects, non-imaging and marker displacement. Thus, we designed a novel MB/(DP-PEG)-BSA@MnO 2 nanosuspension (MDPBMNs) , which demonstrates excellent biocompatibil- ity, with cell viability ≥ 75% across all concentrations. In vivo studies in SD rats and Bama minipigs revealed no abnormalities in survival status, histopathology, blood examination or oxidative stress indicators. MDPBMNs demonstrated outstanding parameters (83.70 ± 5.43 nm; PDI < 0.2), balanced surface charge and satisfactory stability. At 3.0 T, MDPBMNs can enhance dual-modal MR imaging capability, with relaxivity values of 1/T1 (12.3MnmM −1 s −1 ) and 1/T2 (19.5MnmM −1 s −1 ), corresponding to 3.65-fold and 4.63-fold higher than Gd-DTPA respectively. Following administration into the gastrointestinal serosa, the agent enabled precise visualization with distinct radiographic contrast and without observable halo diffusion. Mn 2+ was predominantly cleared through hepatic and renal pathways, alleviating concerns about organ deposition. Overall, MDPBMNs show enormous clinical translational potential for advancing precision surgery.
Dong et al. (2026) studied this question.