Mapping methodological ecosystems in the journal Health (1997–2025): A critical scoping review

The journal Health has published interdisciplinary scholarship on the social dimensions of health and illness since 1997. Despite rich thematic syntheses at milestone anniversaries, no study has systematically examined how research designs, data collection techniques, and analytic frameworks have evolved to shape the journal's empirical output. This critical scoping review maps the evolution of methodological ecosystems in the journal Health's empirical articles from 1997 to 2025, examining which research traditions have structured the journal's output, how these have changed over time, and how institutional pressures-particularly cross-sectional design bias-have shaped research temporality. A comprehensive search of the journal Health's archives identified 692 empirical articles, which were coded in MAXQDA 2024 for research design, temporal orientation, data collection methods, analytical techniques, theoretical paradigm, and reporting clarity, and then clustered using code co-occurrence networks and modularity-based community detection to identify five methodological ecosystems. Five distinct ecosystems structure the journal's research-quantitative positivism, qualitative interpretivism, ethnographic and observational inquiry, mixed-methods integration, and critical/discourse-oriented research-with cross-sectional designs dominating 78% of studies across all traditions, likely reflecting funding cycles, publication timelines, and career pressures rather than paradigmatic commitments. Over three decades, quantitative positivism declined from over half of published output in the late 1990s to under one quarter by 2025, while qualitative, ethnographic, mixed-methods, and critical approaches collectively increased from 17% to 46%, with notable inflection points including a qualitative "breakthrough" around 2012, an ethnographic resurgence after 2020, and methodological convergence across all ecosystems by 2023. The analysis theorizes these patterns as expressions of institutional cross-sectionalism, whereby structural constraints compress temporal depth even in paradigms that value process, and argues that advancing interdisciplinary health scholarship requires structural reforms in funding, publication policy, career evaluation, and methodological infrastructure to support longitudinal, immersive, and participatory inquiry.