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February 26, 2026Children0 citationsOpen Access

Design and Reproducibility of Food Propensity Questionnaire for Characterizing Intake of Pyrethroid and Organophosphate Insecticides in Adolescents

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MMMarija MacanASAntonija SulimanecJKJelena Kovačić

Key Points

  • The study aims to design a food propensity questionnaire (FPQ) specific to assess pesticide intake in adolescents and evaluate its reproducibility.
  • Designed an FPQ focusing on high-risk foods based on EFSA reports.
  • Administered the FPQ to parents/guardians of 10–12-year-old boys twice over several months.
  • Analyzed reproducibility using Cohen’s kappa statistics.
  • Median Cohen’s weighted kappa was 0.607 for the full questionnaire.
  • For food sources of pesticides, the median kappa was 0.624.
  • Median estimated fruit and vegetable intakes were 262 g/day and 123 g/day, respectively.

Abstract

Background/Objectives: There is currently no food propensity questionnaire (FPQ) developed specifically to address pesticide intake in the adolescent population. Therefore, the objective of our study was to design a specific FPQ with emphasis on fruit and vegetable consumption and dietary exposure to pyrethroids (PYR) and organophosphate (OP) insecticides and to test its reproducibility. Methods: The FPQ was designed for the purpose of this study primarily by identifying high-risk foods according to the EFSA annual reports on pesticide residues in food. In total, 99 parents/guardians of 10–12-year-old boys completed the first FPQ during May to June 2022 and again during October 2022 to January 2023. Results: For the whole questionnaire, comprising 111 questions covering presumed major sources of pesticides in a diet, the median Cohen’s weighted kappa was 0.607 (interquartile range, IQR 0.526–0.678, total range 0.275–0.864). Furthermore, similar good overall reproducibility was noted when we focused only on the presumed food sources of PYR and OP pesticides (54 questions; median kappa 0.624, IQR 0.535–0.695, total range 0.275–0.864). Best reproducibility was noted for tomatoes (fresh, in season), lettuces (generic), and pork lard. Median estimated fruit intake for 459 adolescents based on the FPQ was 262 g/day (IQR 176–376 g/day), and vegetable intake was 123 g/day (IQR 74—190 g/day). Conclusions: Due to its good reproducibility, this FPQ, which estimates PYR and OP pesticide exposure, represents a valuable tool for future epidemiological studies and public health surveillance that focus on pesticide residue exposure in specific populations.

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Cite This Study

Macan et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/699fe3f995ddcd3a253e8204https://doi.org/10.3390/children13030320
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