AbstractBackgroundVaricose veins represent a prevalent manifestation of chronic venous diseaseaffecting quality of life, functional ability, and patient comfort globally. Traditionalsurgical management through vein ligation and stripping has been substantially displacedby minimally invasive, image-guided interventions, reshaping clinical practice andimproving patient-centred outcomes.Objective This narrative review presents a comparative evaluation of surgical and non-surgical treatment modalities for varicose veins, with emphasis on technological innovations, clinical effectiveness, recurrence rates, complication profiles, and economicconsiderations.
Hariharan V, Gayathri K, Sivakumar R, Jagadesh S, Bhuvaneshwaran G, Boobesh M, Dhivyadharshini E, Srinath K (2026) studied this question.