How are bars and nightclubs in Scotland using extensions in late-night alcohol trading hours? Venue observation study

• Late-night alcohol sales in bars / clubs are linked to intoxication and violence. • Fieldworkers observed how venues used new late-night hours in two cities. • Many venues were quiet or closed early due to low customer demand for extra hours. • Intoxicated customers were served alcohol in all venues. • Later trading did not appear to revitalise the night-time economy as intended. Late-night alcohol trading hours are generally associated with increased alcohol-related harm. Since 2018, two Scottish cities have allowed extensions in late-night alcohol trading hours with the aim of revitalising the night-time economy. This is the first study to directly observe whether and how bars and nightclubs use these extensions, and collect rich qualitative data about venue environment and staff behaviour. Trained, paired fieldworkers, behaving as customers, completed semi-structured observation schedules on mobile devices during repeated visits to 15 purposively sampled venues in 2023–24 (5 venues in Glasgow and 10 in Aberdeen: total of 313 h of observation). In-depth qualitative fieldnotes were completed within 48 h of visits. Half of the venues closed early on at least one fieldworker visit without using all of their later trading hours. Venues using their extended hours were observed to be at low occupancy on at least one visit. Fieldworkers observed bar staff serving alcohol to intoxicated customers in every venue. In half of the venues, ‘shot girls’ were observed persistently approaching customers, including those who appeared intoxicated. Extensions in late-night alcohol trading hours granted in two Scottish cities were not used consistently by venues due to lack of demand by customers. The late-night sale of alcohol to intoxicated customers was routine. Our findings challenge the assumption that later trading hours benefit the night-time economy and highlight the likelihood of associated alcohol-related harms.