The problem of occupational injuries and pain among musicians continues to receive wide attention. However, the limitations of survey tools have limited hindered the in-depth development of occupational health research on musicians across different regions to a certain extent. The aim of this study was to translate the Performance-Related Pain in Musicians Questionnaire (PPAM) into Simplified Chinese (PPAM-C) and to conduct the cultural adaptation and initial validation of the PPAM-C for music students. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire were tested with Chinese music students. A total of 610 valid questionnaires were collected (students' mean age 19.4 yrs, SD 1.146); females accounted for 69.7%. The respondents represented a variety of primary musical instrument types. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) supported a three-factor structure consistent with the original version: pain intensity, pain interference in general activities, and pain interference in performance. The sample fit was good (KMO = 0.851; Bartlett's test of sphericity, p <0.001). The communalities and eigenvalues showed the robustness of the factor structure. The internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.786-0.937) of the subscales was good. The PPAM-C showed significant moderate to high correlations with the relevant domains of the Simplified Chinese versions of the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), QuickDASH, and SF-36 scales, which confirmed its good convergent validity. The results of demographic analysis further showed that the questionnaire was applicable to music students of different ages, genders, and primary musical instruments. In conclusion, the PPAM-C exhibits excellent psychometric properties and is a reliable tool for assessing pain and its impact on music students' general and performance-related activities in the Chinese context.
Fu et al. (Sat,) studied this question.
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