Stress–Strain and Dimension Evolution of Wind Turbine Bearing Ring with Non-Standard Section During Hot Bulging Process

As wind turbines trend toward larger sizes, higher rotational speeds, and extended service lives, higher demands are emerging for the dimensional accuracy, mechanical properties, and service reliability of the main shaft bearings. The hot bulging process is a critical process in bearing ring manufacturing. The stress–strain and dimensional evolution during the hot bulging process are crucial for the fatigue life and dimensional accuracy of rings with non-circular cross-sections. Therefore, based on the residual stress field from rolling as an initial condition, this paper established a coupled finite element model for the entire rolling-to-bulging process of GCr15SiMn bearing steel rings and verified the accuracy of the model. A stepwise rotation hot bulging process was innovatively designed. The stresses, strains, and deformation rates of the rings were thoroughly evaluated at different steps of the bulging process. Additionally, the effect of the bulge amount on the stress–strain uniformity and dimensional accuracy of the fabricated rings was also evaluated. Results indicate that based on the stepwise rotation hot bulging process conducted at 870–930 °C, when the first-step bulging amount is 1.50 mm, the secondary and third-step amounts are both 0.50 mm, and the bulging speed is 1.00 mm/s, while the roundness error of ring #3 stabilizes within 0.28–0.35 mm. The standard deviation of the axial equivalent strain was decreased by 92%, and the stress peak was also decreased by 39%. Above all, the stepwise rotation hot bulging process is an effective approach to improve the distribution uniformity of the stress–strain and the dimensional consistency of the bearing rings. This paper provides theoretical foundations and process guidance for the precision forming of large wind turbine bearing rings with non-standard sections.