Life cycle cost analysis of Building Integrated Photovoltaic Thermal (BIPVT) systems: A review

The building-integrated photovoltaic thermal (BIPVT) system can be considered a powerful and versatile technology that is being used to meet the growing demand for energy in the modern world. Nowadays its use is not only limited to urban areas, but due to its affordable and pollution-free nature, it is becoming popular among rural people as well. Since it is much cheaper than the systems associated with energy-producing grids in the traditional way, nowadays its popularity is not limited to industrial applications; nowadays it is also used in residential buildings for solar heaters and other applications in the winter season. This paper reviews the current state-of-the-art technology of BIPV, including BIPV Foil, Tile, Module, and Solar Sale Glazing products. AI techniques such as artificial neural networks (ANN), fuzzy logic, and machine learning are being used to customize energy production, improve thermal management, and predict system behavior. This review paper has analyzed cost analysis for the proposed system based on various factors. Life cycle cost analysis is calculated based on the initial and current costs spent during the use of PV modules. Various PVs are used worldwide. Technology has been analyzed, and conclusions have been made about material and savings based on it. Building Integrated Photovoltaic Thermal (BIPV/T) systems combine solar photovoltaic with thermal energy recovery, allowing building elements (such as roofs or facades) to generate both electricity and useful heat. Life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) evaluates the total cost of these systems over their operational lifespan-including initial investment, operation, maintenance, component replacement, and end-of-life costs-providing insight into long-term economic feasibility.