Novel cylindrical sulfur-based carrier (Kaldnes-S) mediating diverse S0/HS−/Sn2− pathways for enhanced autotrophic denitrification: From lab-scale biofilters to pilot-scale applications

Puntos clave

• Enhanced autotrophic denitrification achieved through innovative sulfur-based carrier design, promoting diverse pathways.
• Biofilters using the Kaldnes-S carrier showed significant improvement in denitrification outcomes in various tests.
• Pilot-scale applications confirm the efficacy of novel Sn2− pathways, supporting earlier lab-scale findings.
• Potential to optimize nitrogen removal in wastewater treatment systems, addressing environmental concerns.