Ponds greatly influence watershed ecosystem services value: An optimized InVEST model for large-scale

Key Points

• Watershed ecosystem services value significantly increases with the inclusion of ponds, measuring up to 25% higher than without them.
• The optimized InVEST model quantifies ecosystem services across various land uses, enabling precise assessments on water quality.
• Assessment combines both spatial and temporal data for a comprehensive understanding of ecosystem valuation.
• Findings highlight the importance of integrating ponds into land management practices for improved watershed efficiency.