March 3, 2026

Hypospadias Prevalence and Risk Factors in a United States Military Beneficiary Birth Cohort, 2010-2020

Key Points

Hypospadias prevalence among military-connected births appears elevated due to biased case ascertainment.
Estimates suggest that reliance on diagnosis codes may lead to inflated prevalence figures.
Analysis of hypospadias indicates the necessity for clearer surveillance definitions to improve data reliability.
Findings underscore the need to refine case definitions and acknowledge data limitations before comparisons.

Abstract

Reportedly elevated hypospadias among military-connected births is likely influenced by broad case ascertainment methods rather than military occupational exposures. These findings underscore the importance of evaluating differences in surveillance case definitions and considering associated data limitations (e.g., reliability of diagnosis codes) when comparing prevalence estimates.

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Discussion

Authors

Paul Patterson

Clinton Hall

Anna T Bukowinski

Journals

Military Medicine

Actions

Institutions

Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences

Walter Reed National Military Medical Center

Leidos (United States)

References and Citations

Connected Papers

Building similarity graph...

Analyzing shared references across papers

Hypospadias Prevalence and Risk Factors in a United States Military Beneficiary Birth Cohort, 2010-2020

Key Points

Abstract

Citation Network

Connected Papers

Discussion

Authors

Journals

Actions

Institutions

References and Citations

Citation Network

Connected Papers

Discussion

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